Resume G10
"Sounds, Spelling, and Symbols"
5A/G10
Fadhillah Naisya Dara Priyanka
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5A
page 1-2
Phonetics and phonology
Phonetics: In order to produce sound humans use various body parts including the lips, tongue, teeth, pharynx and lungs. Phonetics is the term for the description and classification of speech sounds, particularly how sounds are produced, transmitted and received. A phoneme is the smallest unit in the sound system of a language; for example, the t sound in the word top.
Various phonetic alphabets have been developed to represent the speech sounds in writing through the use of symbols. Some of these symbols are identical to the Roman letters used in many language alphabets; for example: p and b. Other symbols are based on the Greek alphabet, such as θ to represent the th- sound in thin and thought. Still others have been specially invented; e.g. ð for the th- sound in the and then. The most widely used phonetic script is the International Phonetic Alphabet.
DINI RIZKI RAHAYU
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Phonology: Phonology is the term used for the study of the speech sounds used in a particular language. The distinctive accents that many learners of English have are due to differences between the phonological system of their language and that of English. From birth, and possibly before, we learn to recognize and produce the distinctive sounds of our own language. We do not need to give any thought to how to have the lips, tongue, teeth, etc. working together to produce the desired sounds. The physical structures of parts of the sound system are adapted to produce native-language sounds.
English has some speech sounds (phonemes) that do not exist in other languages. It is no surprise, therefore, that native speakers of those languages have difficulties producing or even perceiving such sounds. This is particularly true for speakers from language families other than the Germanic one to which English belongs.
ALLIFNA NUR’IZZATI FAJRIAH
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-VARIATION
Variation means that one meaning corresponds to multiple forms.
Example:
Faster ~ more fast
Phonological variation is a situation where the choice among expressions is phonologically conditioned, sometimes statistically, sometimes categorically.
Example:
pour-poor eight-ate
fool-full full-fall
fool-fall mute-moot
Free variation is the interchangeable relationship between two phones, in which the phones may substitute for one another in the same environment without causing a change in meaning.
e.g. in the first syllable of “economics,” “e” and “ē” are in free variation.
5B/G10
Heru Garin Sobari
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Variation means that one meaning corresponds to multiple forms. there is more than one English – indeed, on one level, there are as many Englishes as there are people who say they speak English. Providing an adequate and accurate phonological description is therefore a challenge: on the one hand, a single system for English would be too abstract, and would conceal many meaningful differences between speakers; on the other, a speaker-by-speaker account would be too detailed, and neglect what unifies speakers and allows them to recognise one another as using the same system
Phonological variation is concerned with sounds and the way we pronounce words. Free variation is the interchangeable relationship between two phones, in which the phones may substitute for one another in the same environment without causing a change in meaning.
Discussion:
Free variation may occur between allophones or phonemes.
Examples:
(English)
In utterance-final position, there is free variation between unreleased and aspirated plosives, as demonstrated below:
[hQt|] ‘hat’
[hQtH] ‘hat’
In the word ‘data’, there is free variation between the phonemes /eJ/ and /Q/, as demonstrated below:
[deJR«] ‘data’
[dQR«] ‘data’
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language.
MUHAMMAD FARHAN WIGUNA
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Sounds underlying the notation: but once you know that ‘tut-tut’ is [
], an alveolar click, it will always be possible to produce the relevant sound accurately; to write it down unambiguously; and to recognize it in other languages. Although a universal system of description and transcription might be desirable in principle and even in practice when dealing with unfamiliar languages and sounds, readers of a book both in and on English might question the necessity of learning the IPA. However, precisely the same types of problems encountered above also appear in connection with the phonology of English, and some new ones besides. First, there is considerable ambiguity in the English spelling system, and it works in both directions: many sounds to one spelling, and many spellings to one sound.
John Hart, a well-known sixteenth-century grammarian, gives many descriptions of the pronunciations of his time, but the lack of a standard transcription system hampers him when it comes to one of the major mysteries of English phonology at this period, namely the sound of the vowel spelled a. Hart mentions this explicitly, and tells us that it is made ‘with wide opening of the mouth, as when a man yawned’: but does that mean a back vowel, the sort now found for Southern British English speakers in father, or a front one, like the father vowel for New Zealanders or Australians. And in john hart's book An Orthography, published in 1569; and practical primary reading entitled A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, published in 1570. In these works, he criticized contemporary spelling practices in his day as chaotic and illogical, and argued that radically reformed orthography on pure phonological principles . The aim is to introduce a spelling system with a one-to-one relationship between sounds and symbols ("to erase as many letters as possible in our writing, when we travel or breathe in speech, and nothing more"). For this purpose, he introduced six new phonetic consonant symbols for sounds ð, θ, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ and syllables l, as well as a diacritic system for vowels. Long vowels are systematically marked with dots under the letters, whereas reduced vowels are marked by ë.
Hart's work has been praised by modern linguists for his very deep phonetic analysis of Early Modern English in his day, and for his thoroughness in pursuing phonetic principles. [2] His discussion of vocal pronunciation is very interesting for English historians, because he documented spoken English at the midpoint during the Great Vocal Shift, which during Hart's time radically changed the English vocal system. So, for example, Hart documented that the pronunciation of words which had a long Middle English / iː / but shifted to / aɪ / in Modern English still varied in his day, with some speakers maintaining / iː / in a few words, but diphthong / ɛɪ / (spelled ei by Hart)
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N Hilwa Wahdatunihayah
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A london speaker would naturally read the quote with (r) at the end of the first thar,bar and whar, but not the second thar, where the next word begins with a consonant. However, a Scot would produce (r) in all these words, regardless of the following sound.
In this context in english, but he is quite likely to confuse scorts or americans, who would pronounce (r) wherever r appears in english spelling, and may therefore get the mistaken idea that paella indicates has a final (r) in fact that there are many different englishes, and that each quite properly has it own phonological interpretations of the same spelling system.
The same problems arise in a slighty different context when writers try to adopt the spelling system to indicate accent differences.
“Good flight?” asked Jessica at Christchurch Airport. I melodramataccally bowed a depressurization ear towards her.....before answering that it had been a little gruelling.
“you are a bit pale. But you’ll still be able to get breakfast at the hotel...”
What jessica actually said was git brikfist in the hitil. The Kiwi accent is a vowel vice voice. In which the squezzed to an i, the a elongated to an ee. A new Zealander, for example writes with a pin, and signals aggrement with the word yis.
Lawson succeds in showing that a difference exists between new zealand and English. English provides a very tough approximation of that difference. However anyone who has listened to New Zealand speakers will know that their pronounciation of pen is not identical to southern British English pin. The national Centre for English cultural Tradition in sheffield has produced a list of local phrases.
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PIPIT PITRIANI
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The National Center for English Cultural Tradition in Sheffield has listed local phrases that link several parts of the country. The phrases are translated into English spelling, which are sometimes clear but must be studied more deeply.
Some examples of phrases studied are:
1) intitot, in English ‘Isn't it hot?’
2) eez gooinooam, in English ‘he’s going home’
3) lerrus gerrus andzwesht, in English ‘Let’s get our hands washed’
If the phrases are analyzed, it will be seen that there is no 'h' in the phrase 'intitot', the letter 't' is replaced by the letter 'r' in the phrase lerrus gerrus andzwesht, and the double 'rr' in the eez gooinooam phrase . This shows that the weakening of English ‘t’ to ‘r’ between vowels.
Some spelling systems are possible, for example in Tom Leonard's poem yang Unrelated Incidents (3) ’. Between the poetry sections are the words ‘aboot thi‘ and ‘this is thi’. In the poem the word 'aboot thi' is very clear to readers with a Scottish English accent, but for people with a Southern British English accent, the word 'aboot thi' will sound like the word 'about'. Another difference that can be seen is the pronunciation of the word 'the', in the poem the word 'thi' is the word 'the'.
RANI DWI HANDAYANI
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5C
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There are several ways to introduce new symbols into the English spelling system to represent accent differences:
- Use an apostrophe [familiar device but turning out to be ambiguous]
E.g:
- She was waitin' (dropping their gs)
For most speakers from Midlands and north of England, there was no [g] to drop in the first place.
- I feel 'ot (dropping their hs)
For most speakers from non-standard varieties of English, h will be pronounced only in careful speech
_Lead us to believe that an aposthrope always means something is missing_
In conclusion, we need a system of notation which will allow us to observe the variationts neutrally or providing transcription of variety in its own terms.
SHANIA FELISA ALEANA
1172040099
5C
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The IPA might be not perfect in recognizes each and every words but at least the user still be able to determined the native’s pronounciation. In an introductory text English, only those sections in IPA such as consonants and vowels that relevant to English sounds will be considered. There are several issues of phonological that commonly happen to native speaker. In some cases, by the reason of varies language to language they tend to hearing the same thing but not. However, introducing the concept of phoneme is compulsary to resolve this problem.
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