English Phonology Group 10 (A Class)
Podcast and Transcript Analysis
Podcast Radio 4 BBC > News > https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000cldc (Iran vows revenge for general’s death)
Allifna Nur’izzati Fajriah
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PBI-5A
- Transcript from the podcast https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000cldc (Iran vows revenge for general’s death) minutes 02.00-03.50
Iran’s supreme leader Ali Khamenei has set up revenge and set the killing would increase the motivation of the citizen to defeat the united states. first report tonight is from middle east Jeremy burg “Qassem Suleimani, killed by a US drone strike in Baghdad, had become well known among Iranians and was sometimes discussed as a future president. Many considered Suleimani to have been the second most powerful person in Iran, behind supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, but arguably ahead of President Hassan Rouhani. He was commander of the Quds Force, the elite, external wing of the Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which the Trump administration designated as a terror organization in April last year. He was born in Rabor, a city in eastern Iran, and forced to travel to a neighboring city at age 13 and work to pay his father’s debts to the government of the Shah. By the time the monarch fell in 1979, Suleimani was committed to the clerical rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and joined the Revolutionary Guards, the paramilitary force established to prevent a coup against the newly declared Islamic Republic. Within two years, he was sent to the front to fight in the war against the invading Iraqi army. He quickly distinguished himself, especially for daring reconnaissance missions behind Iraqi lines, and the war also gave him his first contact with foreign militias of the kind he would wield to devastating effect in the decades to come.”
- The analysis of the podcast according to the book APRIL MCMAHON.2002. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONOLOGY. EDINBURGH.EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1. as we know that IPA, phonemes and sound production is related to phonetics and phonology. The whole of this podcast used English language. It means that the whole of this podcast can be transcript into IPA. For an example the IPA of supreme is /so͞o-, səˈprēm/ Then according to the book April McMahon 2002 phonemes is the smallest unit of sound in a word that makes a difference in its pronunciation, as well as its meaning, from another word. Which means that every single word in this podcast has their own phonemes.
2. chapter two discuss about ‘The phoneme: The same but different’ in this chapter discuss more about variation in language. As we know before that in language there is more than one way of saying the same thing. Speakers may vary pronunciation, word choice, or morphology and syntax. There are a lot of variation in English language such as minimal pairs in this podcast we could found some minimal pairs like ‘to and two’ when we pronounce it they have the same sound but when it back to the meaning they absolutely have a different meaning and also spelling. In this chapter we learn about Allophones (two sounds occur in the same environment and replacing one with the other does not change the meaning). For an example from the podcast is atom and atomic they have a different IPA but the meaning does not change.
3.The tittle of the chapter 3 is Describing Consonant. So what it consonant? Consonant is a basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable. According to the book April McMahon there are 3 manners of articulation: 1.) Stops 2.) Fricatives 3.) Approximants. Stops is the buildup of air feeling, which is then released when you move from the stop to the following vowel, we can take the example from the podcast like the word ‘killed’. because the example from the book [k]key [t]tea [p]pea are kind of stops. Next Fricatives are the air coming from the hung has to squeeze through a narrow gap at high speed, creating turbulence or loc audible friction = hissing for a voiceless fricatives and buzzing for a voiced one, in this case I could not get the example from the podcast. Last is approximants, there are four approximant consonant phonemes in English: /j/ yes, /w/ wet, /r/ red, /l/ let. In this podcast there are let and yes for the example of approximants.
4. The next chapter is about Defining distributions: Consonants Allophones. Consonant allophones are phoneme variation that do not cause meaning change and happen because of it is position and the phonetics characteristics of neighboring sounds. Substituting one allophones for another allophone of the same phoneme does not lead to different word, just a different pronunciation of the same word. In this podcast there are some consonant allophone that exist such as leader, killing, middle, elite and so on
5. Chapter 5 is discussing about Criteria for contrast: the phoneme system. In this chapter minimal pairs is also mentioned but this chapter explain more, this chapter said that “to see if minimal pairs result the writer has diagnosis; allophones of a single phoneme exist if two sounds occur in non-overlapping, predictable sets of contexts, and if substituting one for the other does not make a semantic difference.”. This chapter is also discussing about free variation, free variation is the different of pronunciation does not change the meaning. Also, it is a variation of pronouncing vowels. From this podcast we can see in word ‘was’, since the podcaster is using British accent then he pronounces was /wɔz/, in other cases it could be was /wəz/. Even though they have the different pronunciation but at least their meaning are the same.
6. Describing vowels is the title of this chapter. After we know about consonants now its turn to vowels. Vowels are sounds produced with a comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract. In everyday language, vowels are letters (sounds) of the English alphabet that are not consonants. As we know that vowels are AIUEO, it happens because those letters depend only on the position of tongue and lips. Most of this podcast are of course using vowels. The letter (y) there is pronounced as (i) which is sound as a vowel letter. In this podcast such as many, paramilitary, arguably, and so on.
7. The next chapter is about vowels and phoneme. From the previous chapter it also discusses. But there’s a highlight point about Morphophonemic. in linguistics study of the relationship between morphology and phonology. Morphophonemic involves an investigation of the phonological variation within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical function e.g.: sleep and slept, bind and bound. from this podcast we could found some example such as known from the word know, and then sent from the word send.
8. chapter 8 is about Variation between accents. Why accents are important? Accent is important for us to be able to communicate with other native or non-native speakers. We are learning accent to make our speaking clearer because the words can have the same sound but different meaning in different accent. BBC News podcaster using British accent while delivering the news.
9. SYLLABLE IN PHONOLOGY is the tittle of this chapter. Syllable is a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound. The parts of syllable are onset and rhyme; within the rhyme we find the nucleus and coda. Rhyme (or rime): the rest of the syllable, after the onset (the underlined portions of the words above). The rhyme can also be divided up: rhyme = nucleus + coda. And then onset is the beginning sounds of the syllable; the ones preceding the nucleus. If a syllable has the coda, it is called as closed syllable from this podcast we could take some example such as set, had, wing and so on. Next if a syllable doesn’t have the coda it is called as open syllable we could see from the podcast there are the, two, he and so on
.
10. The last chapter is about The Word and Above. Phonological units above the syllable, for phonological purposes, we can simply note these tricky exceptional cases, and accept that native speakers typically have a good intuitive idea of what a word is (although this is an issue of considerable interest to morphologists). (April McMahon. An Introduction to English Phonology) p. 118. According to this chapter There are two kinds of feet there were left and right dominant. Example of left dominant from this podcast like government and mission they were have two feet govern-ment these were called left-dominant because govern as the first syllable is strong rather than the second syllable is weak.
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Transcript from the podcast https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000cldc (Iran vows revenge for general’s death) minutes 0-1.30.
Tehran bringly that iran has sworn vengeance after one of it’s most powerful individuals the senior military commander, Qasem Soleimani was killed in an american drone strike in Iran. President Trump defended to strike soleimani because he was responsible for the death of thousands of American. Soleimani has long been in the American sights then Iran and the US were unusually on the same side but he’s also blamed for proliferating a special kind of hundreds of US and British soldiers after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 previous American president feared the consequences of killing him.
The analysis of the podcast according to the book APRIL MCMAHON.2002. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONOLOGY. EDINBURGH.EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1. According to the book April McMahon 2002,
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation and the separation of words and syllables. And almost in this podcast the function is to represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft lip and cleft palate, an extended set of symbols, the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example the word of IPA in this podcast is defended /dɪˈfɛndɪd/.
2. The Phoneme.
In this podcast, there is more than one way of saying the same thing. Speakers may vary pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology and syntax (sometimes called "grammar").The speakers phoneme systems tends to get in the way when I try to learn other languages. It is perhaps unsurprising that I should find it difficult at first to produce sounds which do not figure at all in our first language.
3. Defining distributions: Consonants
According to the book, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. In this Podcast the example are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat, which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels.
4. Defining distributions: Consonants Allophones.
According to the book, if we are dealing with two allophones of the same phoneme, the two must occur in non-overlapping sets of environments. Furthermore, there cannot be any minimal pairs, where substituting one of our focus sounds for the other in exactly the same context creates a difference in meaning. These two criteria establish conclusively that English [ɹ] and [l] belong to distinct phonemes: there are many minimal pairs, like rip and lip, rot and lot, marrow and mallow, so clearly the two phones occur in the same contexts.
And in this podcast there are some consonant allophone.
5. Criteria for contrast: the phoneme system.
In this podcast there are the phonetic constraints of a language, which spell out which
combinations of sounds are possible. For example in this podcast is there’s a word was /wəz/ /wɔz/.
6. From chapter 6 in this book explain about describing vowels, as we know that vowerls are sounds produced with a comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract. In everyday language, vowel are letters (sounds) of the English alphabet that are not consonants. Almost in this podcast using vowels.
7. In this book, chapter 7 is about vowels and phoneme, same with the previous chapter but I got one point that Basically, a vowel is any "open" sound where there is no obstruction or "blocking" caused by the teeth, tongue, lips, palate or other articulators. In the English alphabet, there are 5 vowels: A, E, I, O, U. But there are many more vowel sounds in the English language. For example in this podcast, the /e/ vowel sound is usually represented by the letter "E". But when you put two "E" letters together.
8. Chapter 8 in this books is about Variation In accents. But did you know Why accent is important? I think Accent is important for us, to be able to communicate with other native or non-native speakers. We are learning accent to make our speaking more clear because the words can have the same sound but different meaning in different accent. In this podcast, the speakers using British accents. I think almost speakers of BBC news using british accents.
9. From this books, the syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. It is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the phonological "building blocks" of words. I think in this podcast, The podcaster can influence the rhythm of a language.
10. The last explanation in this books is about The Word and Above, for phonological purposes we can simply note these tricky exceptional case. However, words, like other linguistic units, are not entirely straight- forward and trouble-free for native speakers or for linguists. In particular, there are cases where it is difficult to determine how many words we are dealing with. And this podcast almost of words are generally produced in strings, combining into phrases and whole sentences and phonological processes also operate at these higher levels.
Dini Rizki Rahayu
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PBI-5A
Transcript from the podcast https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000cldc (Iran vows revenge for general’s death) minutes 00.59-02.00
Soleimani was killed by an air strike at Baghdad airport early on Friday ordered by US President Donald Trump. The 62-year-old Soleimani spearheaded Iran's Middle East operations as head of the elite Quds Force. Mr Trump said the US took its action to stop, not start, a war. But the killing marks a major escalation in tensions .An Iraqi army source told Reuters news agency that further air strikes hit a convey of Iraqi militia in the early hours of Saturday morning (local time). Iraqi state television also reported on these strikes, saying they took place north of the capital, Baghdad.
The analysis of the podcast according to the book APRIL MCMAHON.2002. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONOLOGY. EDINBURGH.EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1. According to the book April McMahon 2002
The IPA is intended to represent only those speech qualities that are part of the oral language: telephones, phonemes, intonation, and word and syllable separation. As I cann see almost in this podcast, the purpose is to reflect additional speech qualities, such as teeth gnashing, lisping, and cleft lip and cleft palate sounds, an expanded collection. For example the word of IPA in this podcast is killed /kɪld/.
2. The Phoneme.
There's more than one way to say the same thing in this podcast such as pronunciation (accent), word choice (lexicon), or morphology and syntax (sometimes called "grammar"). If I try to learn other languages, the speakers phoneme systems tend to get in the way. Perhaps it is unsurprising that at first I would find it hard to produce sounds that are not in our first language at all.
3. Defining distributions: Consonants
A consonant, according to the book, is a speech sound articulated with the vocal tract being completely or partially closed. The example in this podcast is[ p], pronounced with the lips;[ t], pronounced with the front of the tongue;[ k], pronounced with the back of the tongue;[ h], pronounced in the throat, having air flowing through the nose (nasals). Vocals are in contrast to consonants.
4. Defining distributions: Consonants Allophones.
According to the book, the two must occur in non-overlapping sets of environments if we are dealing with two allophones of the same phoneme. In addition, there can be no minimal pairs where replacing one of our focus sounds in exactly the same context creates a meaning difference. Such two requirements suggest that English [ should ] and [ l ] belong to distinct phonemes: there are many limited pairs, such as rip and lip, rot and ton, marrow and mallow, and obviously both phones occur in the same sense. And there's some allophone consonant in this podcast.
5. Criteria for contrast: the phoneme system.
Also mentioned in this chapter are minimal pairs, but this chapter explains more, this chapter says that "to see if the writer has a diagnosis of minimal pairs; allophones of a single phoneme exist if two sounds occur in nonoverlapping, predictable sets of contexts, and replacing one with another does not make a semantic difference.". Also, There are the phonetic restrictions of a language in this interview, which spell out which sound combinations are possible.
6. Explain about describing vowels from chapter 6 in this book, as we know vowels are sounds created with a comparatively open vocal tract configuration. In everyday language, vowels are English script letters (sounds) which are not consonants. Almost used vowels in this show.
7. Chapter 7 is about vowels and phoneme, Same with the previous chapter but I got one point that basically a vowel is any "open" sound where the teeth, tongue, lips, palate or other articulators are not obstructed or blocked. There are 5 vowels in the English alphabet: A, E, I, O, U but in the English language there are many more vowel sounds. In this podcast, for example, the /e / vowel sound is typically represented by the letter "E". But when you put two "E" letters together.
8. Chapter 8 in this books is about Variation In accents. In my point of view accent is important for us to be able to communicate with other native or non-native speakers is an important emphasis. We are learning accent to make our speech clearer, because words in different accent can have the same sound but different meaning. The speakers use British accents in this podcast. I think that almost BBC news speakers use British accent.
9. Based on this book, the syllable for a series of speech sounds is an organizational unit. This usually consists of a syllable nucleus with optional initial and final margins (usually consonants). Syllables are often considered the "building blocks" of words in phonology. I think the podcaster can influence a language's rhythm in this podcast.
10. The last chapter of this books is about The Word and Above, such tricky special cases can be mentioned simply for phonological purposes. Terms, however, like other language units, are not completely straight forward and trouble-free for native speakers or linguists. Particularly there are cases where it's hard to determine how many terms we're dealing with. And this podcast of almost words is usually generated in loops, often functioning at these higher levels, incorporating whole sentences and phonological processes into phrases.
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